The depth of vocabulary search on smartphones among Japanese language learners in China

The use of smartphones for language learning has become commonplace, and with the decline of electronic dictionaries, these devices are now the primary tool for looking up words. Although many studies have highlighted the potential of smartphones to increase student engagement and motivation, some researchers remain concerned about whether this technology promotes more self-directed and effective learning (e.g., Stockwell & Wang, 2024). Observations suggest that while smartphones provide effortless access to information, students may not engage deeply, often only skimming the surface. Are these observations accurate? This paper examines students' word searches on smartphones, analyzing recorded data to explore how students use their devices for word searches, the depth of their searches, and the factors that influence that depth. These explorations are intended to help teachers better understand the students in front of them, and thus reflect on the useful integration of technology in the classroom.