Neurological Aspects of Sarcopenia: A Comprehensive Update on Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Advances

Sarcopenia is an age-related disorder characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle tissue. This condition affects approximately 9.9-40.4% of older adults, 2-34% of outpatients, and about 56% of hospitalized patients. Sarcopenia is classified into primary and secondary types, with primary sarcopenia resulting from the natural aging process and secondary sarcopenia caused by various factors such as sedentary lifestyle, disease, and nutrition. The pathophysiology of sarcopenia involves cellular mechanisms, including genetic alterations, telomere erosion, and proteostasis disruption. Mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic modifications, and metabolic factors also contribute to the condition. Neurological aspects, such as motor neuron loss and sodium channel dysfunction, play a crucial role in the development of sarcopenia. Prevention and treatment strategies include exercise interventions, nutritional strategies, and pharmacological interventions. Vitamin D supplementation, testosterone replacement therapy, and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are among the treatments explored. However, these treatments come with potential