Durable polylactic acid bionanocomposites with biomass-derived nanocellulose additives: Recent advances in production

• Explores strategies for nanocellulose extraction from various renewable biomass. • Acidic DES enables 72%-88% CNF yield through cellulose esterification. • Nanocellulose applications across multiple industries are reviewed. • Electrospinning strategies enhanced PLA-based bionanocomposite properties. • Prospects for eco-friendly PLA-based bionanocomposites are covered in this review. Plastic is vital in our modern society as it is considered a versatile polymer that has been an indispensable part of daily life. Nevertheless, the nonstop production of plastics derived from petroleum has resulted in an unprecedented crisis in waste management, environmental pollution, and individual health. Global plastic production exceeds 400 million tons annually, and plastic waste is expected to reach 850 million tons annually by 2050. To address this, shifting to durable and sustainable bioplastics from renewable sources is crucial for replacing petrochemical plastics and advancing the bioeconomy. This review evaluates the development of durable, green PLA-based bionanocomposites using nanocellulose. It covers DES modification and electrospinning techniques and assesses their impact on PLA's mechanical properties, thermal stability, and biodegradability. The review highlights progress and identifies areas for further research. Incorporating nanocellulose into PLA significantly improved its strength and heat resistance while keeping it biodegradable. Surface treatment with DES enhanced the even distribution of nanocellulose in the PLA, reducing clumping and improving compatibility. Electrospinning created well-aligned nanocellulose fibers, further strengthening the composite. These improvements make PLA-based bionanocomposites suitable for flexible electronics, medical applications, and packaging.