Current advances of 3D printing Ti-based multi-metals for bone regeneration

3D Printed Ti-based implants and scaffolds have gained substantial attention in the medical field. These medical multi-metals have shown significant achievements in terms of their mechanical, antibacterial, angiogenic properties, and immune regulatory functions. This has led to breakthrough improvements in osteogenesis. Both the physicochemical properties (roughness, hydrophilicity, and corrosion resistance) and mechanical properties (pore shape, pore size, and porosity) of 3D Printed porous Ti-alloys directly affect osteogenesis. The structure of the pores and the presence of different types of metal in these alloys may promote osteogenesis by stimulating the polarisation of macrophages from M1 to M2. It may also induce angiogenesis by regulating the expression of angiogenesis-related genes that encode proteins such as VEGF. Neovascularization around these implants may rapidly induce contact osteogenesis and bone integration. This review elucidates the mechanisms by which 3D Printed porous Ti alloys affect osteogenesis and provides important insights and directions for the development of 3D Printed Ti-based multimaterials.