Development of Novel ROCK Inhibitors via 3D-QSAR and Molecular Docking Studies: A Framework for Multi-Target Drug Design

<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Alterations in the actin cytoskeleton correlates to tumor progression and affect critical cellular processes such as adhesion, migration and invasion. Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinases (ROCK1 and ROCK2), important regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, are frequently overexpressed in various malignancies. The aim of this study was therefore to identify the key structural features of ROCK1/ROCK2 inhibitors using computer-aided drug design (CADD) approaches. In addition, new developed ROCK inhibitors provided a significant framework for the development of multitarget therapeutics-ROCK/HDAC (histone deacetylases) multitarget inhibitors. <b>Methods</b>: 3D-QSAR (Quantitative structure-activity relationship study) and molecular docking study were employed in order to identify key structural features that positively correlate with ROCK inhibition. MDA-MB-231, HCC1937, Panc-1 and Mia PaCa-2 cells were used for evaluation of anticancer properties of synthesized compounds. <b>Results</b>: <b>C-19</b> showed potent anti-cancer properties, especially enhancement of apoptosis and cell cycle modulation in pancreatic cancer cell lines. In addition, <b>C-19</b> and <b>C-22</b> showed potent anti-migratory and anti-invasive effects comparable to the well-known ROCK inhibitor fasudil. <b>Conclusions</b>: In light of the results of this study, we propose a novel multi-target approach focusing on developing dual HDAC/ROCK inhibitors based on the structure of both <b>C-19</b> and <b>C-22</b>, exploiting the synergistic potential of these two signaling pathways to improve therapeutic efficacy in metastatic tumors. Our results emphasize the potential of multi-target ROCK inhibitors as a basis for future cancer therapies.