Opal Synthesis: Toward Geologically Relevant Conditions

Natural opal is a widespread mineral formed by the aqueous alteration of silicate rocks. It occurs as a mixture of silica nano-to-micro-structures (e.g., nanograins, spheres) and silica hydrogel cement, with variations in the proportions of these components leading to significant differences in the physico-chemical properties of opals. However, the detailed process of their formation in nature and the influence of the mixing ratio are not fully understood, as opal has not been yet synthesized under geologically relevant conditions. This study aims to develop a method of opal synthesis in conditions close to continental weathering conditions (<50 °C, ambient pressure) using relevant chemicals that could be employed to gain insight into the processes that give rise to opal on Earth and Mars. Our synthesis method enabled us to synthesize opal-A with different mixing ratios, of which four were then studied to determine the effect on the material’s properties. Changes in the proportion of the hydrogel cement affect the porosity and the total water content, as well as the proportion of “water” species (H2O and OH). Moreover, the synthetic opal obtained with a 1:1 ratio shows the closest similarity to natural opal-AG. Finally, our results support the hypothesized multistage process for opal formation in nature.