A 3D Epithelial–Mesenchymal Co-Culture Model of the Airway Wall Using Native Lung Extracellular Matrix

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease characterized by ongoing inflammation, impaired tissue repair, and aberrant interplay between airway epithelium and fibroblasts, resulting in an altered extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. The ECM is the three-dimensional (3D) scaffold that provides mechanical support and biochemical signals to cells, now recognized not only as a consequence but as a potential driver of disease progression. To elucidate how the ECM influences pathophysiological changes occurring in COPD, in vitro models are needed that incorporate the ECM. ECM hydrogels are a novel experimental tool for incorporating the ECM in experimental setups. We developed an airway wall model by combining lung-derived ECM hydrogels with a co-culture of primary human fibroblasts and epithelial cells at an air-liquid interface. Collagen IV and a mixture of collagen I, fibronectin, and bovine serum albumin were used as basement membrane-mimicking coatings. The model was initially assembled using porcine lung-derived ECM hydrogels and subsequently with COPD and non-COPD human lung-derived ECM hydrogels. The resulting 3D construct exhibited considerable contraction and supported co-culture, resulting in a differentiated epithelial layer. This multi-component 3D model allows the investigation of remodelling mechanisms, exploring ECM involvement in cellular crosstalk, and holds promise as a model for drug discovery studies exploring ECM involvement in cellular interactions.