Whose knowledge counts? Power dynamics in the co-production of knowledge and innovation in agri-food systems

Abstract The concept ‘co-production of knowledge and innovation’ (CKI) is gaining prominence. European Union (EU) research and innovation funding programmes like Horizon 2020 (H2020), Horizon Europe, and INTERREG underscore its significance as engaging diverse societal actors is often a requirement. Reality reveals disparities in actor participation in these multinational EU-funded CKI projects. As these projects are perceived as avenues for tackling ‘grand societal challenges’, such as the transition to sustainable agri-food systems, questions arise about whether they ensure equitable inclusion of diverse perspectives, enable genuine participation, and why barriers to entry persist. This study delves into the complexity of multinational CKI projects, shedding light on these questions. One H2020 and one INTERREG project are analysed using the multilevel innovation system framework incorporating a ‘power dynamics’ dimension. By including ‘power dynamics’ in an innovation system-based analysis, we offer a nuanced examination of mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion and a better understanding of potential policy intervention strategies.