Epidemiological, Clinical and Biological Profile of O Arab Hemoglobinosis: Experience of the Biochemistry Toxicology Department of HMIMV

Background: Hemoglobinopathies (HbPs) are inherited disorders of red blood cells caused by abnormalities in the globin chains of hemoglobin (Hb). Hemoglobin O-Arab is a specific variant with a mutation in the β-chain. These disorders range from asymptomatic to severe and represent a significant public health issue. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted over 10 years (February 2014 to April 2024) in the Biochemistry-Toxicology Department of HMIMV in Rabat. Hemoglobin variants were detected using HPLC and capillary electrophoresis. Data on socio-epidemiological, clinical, and biological aspects were collected from patient follow-up forms. Results: of 17,843 hemoglobin studies, 1,154 hemoglobinopathies (5.4%) were identified, with 63 cases (0.35%) of hemoglobin O-Arab: 58 heterozygous, 4 homozygous, and 1 composite heterozygous. Most cases were detected incidentally during HbA1c testing. Homozygous cases showed anemia, while heterozygous cases showed no significant abnormalities. The composite heterozygous case had severe clinical complication. Conclusions: Hemoglobinopathies, including hemoglobin O-Arab, are common genetic disorders. Advanced diagnostic techniques like capillary electrophoresis have improved detection, but multiple methods are still needed for accurate diagnosis. Effective collaboration between clinicians and laboratories is crucial for managing these disorders.