A Retrospective Study on Trends of Serological Reactivity of Transfusion Transmitted Co- Infections among Blood Donors

Background: Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) pose a significant threat to the safety of blood transfusions. While individual pathogens have been extensively studied, Transfusion Transmitted Co-infections (TTCI), involving multiple infectious agents, remain relatively unexplored. This retrospective study aims to bridge this gap by investigating the prevalence and trends of TTCI among blood donors, considering factors such as sensitivity and specificity of screening tests, window periods, emerging pathogens, asymptomatic carriers, impact of geographical variation, and progression of other morbidities in donors/patients. Objective: To provide comprehensive insights into the trending patterns of serological reactivity of TTCI among a specified population by estimating the proportions of TTCI among blood donors and identify any existing demographical associations. Methodology: The study, conducted at SMS Medical College, Jaipur, accounting from January 2018 to December 2022, involving 1,57,834 blood donors. Routine screening for TTIs, in accordance with regulatory criteria, utilized ELISA and CLIA techniques. Results were analysed for serological reactivity, with statistical associations explored. Results: Among 3,41,076 donors, 2.88% exhibited serological reactivity to one or more TTIs. Mono-infections accounted for 97.47%, while dual and trio-infections were observed in 2.55% and 0.05% of cases, respectively. The most prevalent dual-infection was HIV and HCV (41.35%), and trio-infections included specific combinations like HBsAg+HCV+HIV. Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between demographic factors (age, gender) and TTI reactivity (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study highlights a high prevalence of HIV, HBsAg, and HCV in combination among donors. The findings emphasize the importance of accurate donor screening to minimize TTIs, contributing to improved quality of life for both donors and recipients. The study underscores the need for ongoing efforts to enhance blood transfusion safety.