Intravenous leiomyomatosis: A rare case report

Introduction: Intravascular leiomyomatosis (IVL) is a rare histological benign tumor without invading the tissue of the venous vessels themselves. It is characterized by continuous intraluminal growth of benign smooth muscle tumor cells along with the uterine vein to the pelvic and abdominal venous systems, including the iliac vein and inferior vena cava, and even to the right atrium of the heart and pulmonary artery, leading to life-threatening complications. This case report describes a 43-year-old female patient with IVL who underwent four myomectomy surgeries. Case Report: A 43-year-old female patient with rare IVL was admitted after four myomectomy surgeries. After preoperative evaluation by color Doppler ultrasound, cardiac ultrasound, chest and abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans, this patient underwent total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, and complete resection of the entire intravascular leiomyoma. This article discusses the characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and especially surgical precautions of IVL. In addition to surgical resection, this article also discusses other treatment options for IVL. Conclusion: Intravascular leiomyomatosis has unique biological characteristics and clinical manifestations. Through accurate diagnosis and timely complete tumor resection, as well as regular follow-up after surgery, most IVL patients can achieve good long-term prognosis and quality of life. However, further research is needed on the etiology and pathogenesis of IVL.