Clustering with empty clusters

Cluster analysis is widely used in various scientific and practical fields related to data analysis. It is an important tool for solving problems in such areas as machine learning, image processing, text recognition, etc. The absence of observations is not always the absence of information, therefore it is assumed that the presence of gaps in the data, the presence of “empty” clusters, also carries information about the object of study, as well as real observations. In this study, it is assumed that we do not observe not only a variable, but a whole set of objects forming a separate cluster. Thus, it is assumed that the missing in data is not the fact of the missing of a cluster of objects as such, but potentially existing objects that are absent from our selection. An algorithm is proposed to determine potential "empty" clusters for one-dimensional and two-dimensional data sets, taking into account their size and location in the feature space, depending on the initial distribution of samples. A method is implemented to fill in these gaps and estimate the displacement of the centroids of the initial clustering when taking into account an empty cluster. The application of this approach to rid the data of outliers is demonstrated.