Sensitivity of Dynamic Mho Characteristic to PLL Parameters of Grid Following PV

The restructuring of the power system by replacing Synchronous Generators (SGs) with Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs) has resulted in a drastic change in power system dynamics. Positive Sequence Memory Polarized (PSMP) mho elements have been used to ensure the reliable operation of mho relays during close-in bolted faults. The use of memory voltage for polarization of the mho element causes dynamic expansion of the mho characteristics. In an SG-only system, the memory polarization-induced dynamic expansion of these mho characteristics helps to increase the resistive reach. However, as the integration of IBRs increases, the dynamic mho expansion will be affected due to the different fault characteristics of IBRs. Most IBRs currently integrated into the power system are Grid-Following (GFOL) type, which uses Phase-Locked Loops (PLL) for synchronization. The variations in control parameters and bandwidths of the PLLs used in the GFOL IBRs may also affect the dynamic mho expansion. The studies presented in this paper demonstrate the impact of different types of PLLs and their control parameters on the dynamic expansion of PSMP mho relays. For this analysis, a modified IEEE-39 bus system with a GFOL Photovoltaic (PV) generator is used. The PV s have Voltage Support (VS), Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT)/ High Voltage Ride-Through (HVRT) features and comply with IEEE 2800–2022 standard.