Legacy of Boson Clouds on Black Hole Binaries

Superradiant clouds of ultralight bosons can leave an imprint on the gravitational waveform of black hole binaries through "ionization" and "resonances." We study the sequence of resonances as the binary evolves and show that there are only two possible outcomes, each with a distinct imprint on the waveform. If the cloud and the binary are nearly counterrotating, then the cloud survives in its original state until it enters the sensitivity band of future gravitational wave detectors, such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. In all other cases, resonances destroy the cloud while driving the binary to corotate with it and its eccentricity close to a fixed point. This opens up the possibility of inferring the existence of a new boson from the statistical analysis of a population of black hole binaries.