Biogenic Hydroxyapatite from Bovine Bone: Synthesis, Multi-technique Characterization, and Its Potential in Dye Removal

This study explores the synthesis of biogenic hydroxyapatite (HA) from bovine bone and its application in methylene blue (MB) dye removal from wastewater. The HA was synthesized through a multi-step process involving cleaning, defatting, and calcination of bovine bones at 900°C for 6 hours. The resulting material was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed the successful synthesis of high-purity, well-crystallized hydroxyapatite. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to evaluate the HA's efficiency in removing MB from aqueous solutions. The effects of various parameters, including pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, ionic strength, and temperature, were investigated. The results showed optimal MB removal at pH 11.0, with a 3 g/L adsorbent dose and a 20-minute contact time. The adsorption process was found to be exothermic, with efficiency decreasing at higher temperatures. Adsorption isotherms were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich models, with the Freundlich model providing a better fit to the experimental data. This study demonstrates the potential of bovine bone-derived HA as an effective and sustainable adsorbent for dye removal in wastewater treatment applications.