Dietary Omega-3 PUFA Intake in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: The Association with Vitamin D Deficiency, Intima–Media Thickness and Blood Pressure

<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Numerous risk factors associated with development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been unfavorably altered in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Low omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and vitamin D deficiency are potential cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with CKD. The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary intake and status of omega-3 PUFA and vitamin D in pre-dialysis and hemodialysis patients and to examine the association of dietary α-linolenic acid (ALA) and fish consumption with blood pressure and carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT), representing a non-invasive marker of atherosclerosis in CKD patients. <b>Methods:</b> All 77 selected patients (36 pre-dialysis, 41 on hemodialysis) underwent standardized clinical, nutritional, and laboratory assessments. Repeated 24 h recalls were performed to assess dietary intake. The fatty acid profile was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. <b>Results:</b> Inadequate vitamin D intake and vitamin D status were found in 95% of patients. PUFA profiles did not differ between hemodialysis and pre-dialysis participants. Dietary intake of ALA was negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (<i>p</i> = 0.013), C-IMT (<i>p</i> = 0.002), serum CRP (<i>p</i> = 0.044), iPTH (<i>p</i> = 0.01), and 25(OH)D3 (<i>p</i> = 0.006). ALA intake of more than 0.23 g daily was linked with lower SBP (<i>p</i> = 0.001), serum 25(OH)D3 (<i>p</i> = 0.004), and C-IMT (<i>p</i> = 0.002). <b>Conclusions:</b> This study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between dietary ALA intake and C-IMT in CKD. The results of this study could emphasize the significant role of the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and inadequate omega-3 PUFA intake and status regarding CVD health in CKD patients.