Optimization of bio-oil production parameters from the pyrolysis of elephant grass (<i>Pennisetum purpureum</i>) using response surface methodology

Abstract The need to increase bio-oil yield from biomass and enhance its fuel properties has driven research into optimizing the pyrolysis process. This study investigated the influence of three key process parameters—temperature, heating rate, and nitrogen flow rate—on the pyrolysis of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) in a fixed-bed reactor. Response surface methodology was used to study the impact of the aforementioned variables on bio-oil yield to improve its production efficiency. Proximate analysis of the biomass revealed 79.24 wt% volatile matter, 14.22 wt% fixed carbon, and 5.86% ash, with ultimate analysis showing 45.44% carbon, 5.59% hydrogen, and 40.95% oxygen. The high volatile matter content and favourable carbon and hydrogen percentages indicate that elephant grass is a viable energy source due to its potential for high bio-oil yield and energy content. The resulting bio-oil exhibited a higher heating value of 20.9 MJ/kg, indicating its suitability for various heating applications. A second-order regression model was developed for bio-oil yield, with optimal conditions identified as a temperature of 550°C, a heating rate of 17°C/min, and a nitrogen flow rate of 6 ml/min. The study achieved an optimal bio-oil yield of 59.03 wt%, and the model’s high R² value of 0.8683 from analysis of variance analysis confirmed its predictive accuracy. This research highlights elephant grass as a sustainable feedstock for bio-oil production, offering valuable insights into optimizing pyrolysis conditions to enhance bio-oil yield, thus advancing biofuel technology.