Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs): Design, characterization, release mechanism and remote-controlled application for targeted therapeutics

MNPs as novel drug delivery system (NDDS) approach possess several magnetic properties for targeted and controlled delivery in various biomedical application. Unlike normal nanoparticles, MNPs enable to respond to external magnetic fields, allowing for manipulation, guidance, and functionalisation within the body. This review encompasses a wide range of scientific and technological goals aimed in understanding their properties, synthesis methods, characterization techniques, surface functionalisation strategies and application. Drug delivery based on magnetic properties has advanced dramatically to enhance therapeutic bioavailability, stability, and targeted delivwery. Converting nanoparticles into MNPs involves introducing magnetic properties to the nanoparticles through core-shell structures, doping or coating with magnetic materials, physical or chemical reactions, or biological synthesis methods. However, this study demonstrates the versatility and potential of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for various biomedical applications. Moreover, the in vitro and in vivo studies highlight MNPs' promising role in targeted drug delivery, imaging contrast enhancement, and magnetic hyperthermia for cancer therapy. Moving forward, further research is warranted to optimize MNPs' design, explore novel functionalization strategies, and address challenges related to biocompatibility, scalability, and regulatory approval. Therefore, MNPs reflects transformative impact across various fields, emphasizing their potential to drive advancements in healthcare, environmental protection, and technology. Continued research and innovation in this field are expected to unlock new opportunities and address global challenges, driving progress towards a healthier, cleaner, and more technologically advanced future.