Expanding CMOS Potentiostat Voltage Swing Utilizing Dynamic Analog Ground

Electrochemical measurements play a crucial role across various domains including air quality assessment, biological analysis, and the food industry. Miniaturized and power-efficient electrochemical potentiostats, facilitated by integrated circuits, have been instrumental in enabling wearable devices. However, the utilization of modern CMOS technologies with low supply voltage limits the applicability of electrochemical reactions requiring higher potential windows. This paper introduces an innovative circuit architecture that extends the electrochemical cell voltage range by 46% for positive voltages and 88% for negative voltages compared to conventional designs. Consequently, this advancement widens the spectrum of supported bias voltages within an electrochemical cell, thereby expanding the scope of integrated potentiostat to encompass a broader array of electrochemical reactions. Implemented in CMOS 180 nm technology, the circuit consumes 2.047 mW of power. It supports a bias potential range from 1.1 V to -2.12 V and a cell potential range from 2.41 V to -3.11 V.