Enhanced chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose scaffolds with natural fiber reinforcement for hernia repair meshes

Abstract Chitosan (Chi) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) scaffolds, with and without reinforcement by Luffa cylindrica (Lc) or Asclepias curassavica (Ac), were synthesized to evaluate their potential application as hernia repair meshes. These meshes are crucial as they provide structural support to weakened tissues, reducing the risk of hernia recurrence and promoting faster recovery. They improve patient outcomes by enhancing the durability and effectiveness of hernia repairs. Chi scaffolds exhibited lower porosity compared to CMC scaffolds, with fiber inclusion enhancing porosity. The CMC4‐Ac scaffold demonstrated the highest porosity at 67.2%, which is crucial for supporting cell growth and tissue regeneration. All scaffolds exhibited exceptional hydration levels, which is vital for cell growth. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed open pores in the CMC4 scaffolds, which enhances tissue formation. Tensile strength tests indicated that all scaffolds surpassed the minimum requirements, with CMC4‐Ac standing out for its exceptional properties. CMC scaffolds showed greater degradation, which was mitigated by fiber reinforcement. Chi scaffolds absorbed more Croton draco extract (Cdext) but exhibited lower release rates compared to CMC scaffolds. No hemolytic and non‐cytotoxicity effects were observed. CMC4‐Ac emerged as the most promising scaffold due to its superior properties, making it suitable for hernia repair meshes.