Distinct seasonal changes and precession forcing of surface and subsurface temperatures in the mid-latitudinal North Atlantic during the onset of the Late Pliocene

Abstract. The Late Pliocene marks the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (iNHG), offering a unique opportunity to study climate evolution and ice-sheet-related feedback mechanisms. In this study, we present high-resolution Mg / Ca-based sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and subsurface temperatures (SubTs) derived from the foraminiferal species Globigerinoides ruber and Globorotalia hirsuta, respectively, at the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 306 Site U1313 in the mid-latitudinal North Atlantic during the early Late Pliocene, 3.65–3.37 million years ago (Ma). We find distinct differences between our new G. ruber Mg / Ca-based SST record and previously published alkenone-based SST records from the same location. These discrepancies in both absolute values and variations highlight distinctly different seasonal influences on the proxies. The G. ruber Mg / Ca-based SST data were primarily influenced by local summer insolation, showing a dominant precession cycle. Conversely, the variations in alkenone-based SST, dominated by the obliquity and lacking the precession cycle, are found to be more indicative of cold-season changes, despite previous interpretations of these records as reflecting annual mean temperatures. A simultaneous decline in Mg / Ca-based SST and SubT records from 3.65 to 3.5 Ma suggests a diminished poleward oceanic heat transport, implying a weakening of the North Atlantic Current (NAC). A comparison with Early Pleistocene G. ruber Mg / Ca-based SST records shows a shift in the dominant climatic cycle from precession to obliquity, alongside a marked increase in amplitude, indicating an enhanced influence of obliquity cycles correlated with the expansion of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.