Variations and Trends in 115 Years of Graded Daily Precipitation Records at Three Hydrometeorological Stations in Finland

This study investigated the variability and trends in 115 years (1909–2023) of daily precipitation observed at three hydrometeorological stations in southern (Kaisaniemi), central (Kajaani), and northern (Sodankylä) Finland. We also identified the most significant climate teleconnections influencing daily precipitation variability at these three stations during the period 1951–2023. The daily precipitation records were primarily classified into six grades, including very light (≤1 mm), light (1–≤5 mm), moderate (5–≤10 mm), heavy (10–≤15 mm), very heavy (15–≤20 mm), and extreme (>20 mm). On average, the most intense daily precipitation was determined at the Kaisaniemi station in southern Finland. At this station, however, very light and light precipitation showed the lowest frequency, but other graded daily precipitation events were the most frequent. At all three stations, the intensity of very light precipitation significantly declined during the past 115 years, while its frequency increased. The highest rates of such decreases and increases in the intensity and frequency of very light daily precipitation were found at the Sodankylä stations in northern Finland, respectively, but the lowest rates were at the Kaisaniemi station in the south. At the Kajaani station in central Finland, the intensity of light precipitation decreased, but very heavy precipitation intensified. At this station, however, the number of both moderate and heavy precipitation events increased over time. Finally, historical variations in both the intensity and frequency of graded daily precipitation events in Finland showed significant relationships with different climate teleconnections, particularly the Scandinavia (SCAND) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) patterns.