Root Endophytic Microorganisms Contribute to the Attribute of Full-Year Shooting in Woody Bamboo Cephalostachyum pingbianense

<i>Cephalostachyum pingbianense</i> (Hsueh & Y.M. Yang ex Yi et al.) D.Z. Li & H.Q. Yang is unique among bamboo species for its ability to produce bamboo shoots in all seasons under natural conditions. Apart from the physiological mechanism, information regarding the effects of endophytic microorganisms on this full-year shooting characteristic is limited. We hypothesize that root endophytic microorganisms will have a positive impact on the full-year bamboo shooting characteristic of <i>C. pingbianense</i> by increasing the availability or supply of nutrients. To identify the seasonal variations in the root endophytic bacterial and fungal communities of <i>C. pingbianense,</i> and to assess their correlation with bamboo shoot productivity, the roots of <i>C. pingbianense</i> were selected as research materials, and the 16S rRNA and ITS rDNA genes of root endophytic microorganisms were sequenced using the Illumina platform. Following this sequencing, raw sequencing reads were processed, and OTUs were annotated. Alpha and beta diversity, microbial composition, and functional predictions were analyzed, with correlations to bamboo shoot numbers assessed. The results showed that seasonal changes significantly affected the community diversity and structure of root endophytic microbes of <i>C. pingbianense</i>. Bacterial communities in root samples from all seasons contained more nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, with members of the Burkholderiales and Rhizobiales predominating. The relative abundances of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the autumn sample were significantly higher than in other seasons. Correlation analysis revealed that the bamboo shoot productivity was significantly and positively correlated with bacterial functions of nitrogen fixation, arsenate detoxification, and ureolysis, as well as with symbiotrophic fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. At the genus level, the bacterial genus <i>Herbaspirillum</i> and the fungal genera <i>Russula</i>, unclassified_f_Acaulosporaceae, and unclassified_f_Glomeraceae were found to have a significant positive correlation with bamboo shoot number. Our study provides an ecological perspective for understanding the highly productive attribute of <i>C. pingbianense</i> and offers new insights into the forest management of woody bamboos.