Estimation of Freshwater Discharge from the Gulf of Alaska Drainage Basins

The freshwater discharge from catchments along the Gulf of Alaska, termed Alaska discharge, is characterized by significant quantity and variability. Owing to subarctic climate and mountainous topography, the Alaska discharge variations may deliver possible impacts beyond the local hydrology. While short-term and local discharge estimation has been frequently realized, a longer time span and a discussion on cascading impacts remain unexplored in this area. In this study, the Alaska discharge during 1982–2022 is estimated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The adequate balance between the model complexity and the functional efficiency of SWAT suits the objective well, and discharge simulation is successfully conducted after customization in melting calculations and careful calibrations. During 1982−2022, the Alaska discharge is estimated to be 14,396 ± 819 m3⋅s−1⋅yr−1, with meltwater contributing approximately 53%. Regarding variation in the Alaska discharge, the interannual change is found to be negatively correlated with sea surface salinity anomalies in the Alaska Stream, while the decadal change positively correlates with the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, with reasonable time lags in both cases. These new findings provide insights into the relationship between local hydrology and regional climate in this area. More importantly, we provide rare evidence that variation in freshwater discharge may affect properties beyond the local hydrology.