Against Whom Was the Polish Army Actually Mobilized on the Eve of the “September Catastrophe” of 1939?

The article is dedicated to the 85th anniversary of the outbreak of World War II. This issue remains relevant, especially due to the current confrontation between the West and Russia. In political, public and scientific discourse, the USSR is often blamed for Poland’s defeat. The authors draw attention to a number of facts related to Poland’s preparation for the future war, the plans East (“Wskhud”) and West (“Zahud”), the mobilization plans of the Polish army before the war of 1939. Using documents, memoirs and scientific research, the authors aim to answer the question: against whom was the Polish army actually mobilized on the eve of the “September catastrophe” of 1939?