Manifestation of relativistic effects in the chemical properties of nihonium and moscovium revealed by gas chromatography studies
Chemical reactivity of the superheavy elements nihonium (Nh, element 113) and moscovium (Mc, element 115) has been studied by the gas-solid chromatography method using a new combined chromatography and detection setup. The Mc isotope, <sup>288</sup>Mc, was produced in the nuclear fusion reaction of <sup>48</sup>Ca ions with <sup>243</sup>Am targets at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum Darmstadt, Germany. After isolating <sup>288</sup>Mc ions in the gas-filled separator TASCA, adsorption of <sup>288</sup>Mc and its decay product <sup>284</sup>Nh on silicon oxide and gold surfaces was investigated. As a result of this work, the values of the adsorption enthalpy of Nh and Mc on the silicon oxide surface were determined for the first time, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mo>∆</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup><mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>ads</mml:mtext> <mml:msub><mml:mtext>SiO</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mfenced><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Mc</mml:mtext></mml:mrow> </mml:mfenced> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup><mml:mn>54</mml:mn> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>11</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> kJ/mol and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mo>∆</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup><mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>ads</mml:mtext> <mml:msub><mml:mtext>SiO</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mfenced><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Nh</mml:mtext></mml:mrow> </mml:mfenced> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup><mml:mn>58</mml:mn> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> kJ/mol (68% c.i.). The obtained -Δ<i>H</i> <sub>ads</sub> values are in good agreement with results of advanced relativistic calculations. Both elements, Nh and Mc, were shown to interact more weakly with the silicon oxide surface than their lighter homologues Tl and Bi, respectively. However, Nh and Mc turned out to be more reactive than the neighbouring closed-shell and quasi-closed-shell elements copernicium (Cn, element 112) and flerovium (Fl, element 114), respectively. The established trend is explained by the influence of strong relativistic effects on the valence atomic orbitals of these elements.
Authors
- Dominik Krupp (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1160-6441)
- U. W. Scherer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8369-3855)
- J. Krier
- M. Węgrzecki
- M. Block (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9282-8347)
- S. Raeder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0505-1440)
- N. Trautmann
- Ch. E. Düllmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1194-0423)
- Miroslav Iliaš (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8038-6489)
- Dominik Dietzel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9179-4136)
- D. M. Cox (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2790-8348)
- Pavol Mošat’ (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2760-8003)
- J. Khuyagbaatar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1371-2384)
- Y. Hrabar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3194-1001)
- Elke Jäger (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6734-986X)
- S. Löchner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1011-5389)
- F. Giacoppo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9592-5230)
- L. Lens
- Brigitta Schausten (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5372-0701)
- D. Rudolph (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1199-3055)
- R. A. Cantemir
- P. Thörle-Pospiech
- L. G. Sarmiento (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7600-2772)
- J. Runke
- Α. B. Yakushev
- P. Wieczorek
- V. Pershina
- N Kurz
- C. Mokry
Institutions
- Technische Hochschule Mannheim (DE)
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (DE)
- Lund University (SE)
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz (DE)
- Mikroelektronika (Czechia) (CZ)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Frontiers in Chemistry
- Published
- 2024-09-23
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2024.1474820
- Citations
- 17
- Primary Topic
- Radioactive element chemistry and processing
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 2.69
Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Vetenskapsrådet
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory