Zinc Vaporization Induced Formation of Desired Ni Nanoparticles Coated with Ultrathin Carbon Shells for Efficient Electrocatalytic H₂ Production Coupling with Methanol Upgrading

The integration of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) has been demonstrated to be a viable strategy for the energy-saving generation of H₂ and value-added formate, which relies primarily on highly active and cost-effective bifunctional electrocatalysts. Herein, an efficient electrocatalyst consisting of controllable Ni nanoparticles (NPs) coated with ultrathin graphitic carbon shells was obtained by the pyrolysis of a Ni-Zn metal-organic framework. Intriguingly, we found that zinc vaporization not only resulted in the relatively small Ni NPs but also ultrathin carbon shells (≤3 layers). The density functional theory simulations confirmed that these ultrathin carbon shells significantly influenced electrocatalytic activity by facilitating electron transfer from the Ni core to the carbon shell. The optimized Ni₁(Zn)@C demonstrated high catalytic activity for both HER and MOR, and only a low potential of 97 mV at 10 mA cm^-2 was required for HER and 1.48 V at 30 mA cm^-2 for MOR. In a two-electrode electrocatalytic cell measurement, a cell voltage of 1.63 V was observed at 10 mA cm^-2 in the presence of methanol, 240 mV lower than that without methanol.