Temporal variability of precipitation and humidity in Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India using GIS modelling: a multi decadal study

ABSTRACT This study investigates precipitation and specific humidity trends from 1981 to 2023, uncovering significant fluctuations across the Mandi region. Analysis of the data shows a broad range in mean annual rainfall, from 631.26 to 1,174.16 mm, highlighting the region's climatic diversity. A stark contrast in rainfall levels is noted between two periods: 1986 to 1990 saw exceptionally low rainfall (9.53–12.55 mm), while 1981 to 1985 experienced high precipitation (13,220.97–13,951.36 mm). The study identifies a peak in precipitation coverage (66%) from 2016 to 2020, with rainfall volumes reaching 5,993.81–6,357.93 mm, contrasting with the lowest coverage (1%) from 2006 to 2010. Additionally, the research reveals significant variation in specific humidity, with the lowest levels recorded between 2021 and 2023 (6,623.94–7,600.59 g/kg) and the highest between 2016 and 2020 (16,353.74–17,313.94 g/kg). The highest and lowest area-wise percentages of specific humidity were observed between 1991 and 1995 (38%) and 1996 and 2000 (5%), respectively. These findings shed light on the dynamic nature of precipitation and humidity in the region, offering critical insights for understanding local climate patterns and informing sectors dependent on precise climatic data.