Herbage biomass predictions from <scp>UAV</scp> data using a derived digital terrain model and machine learning

Abstract More than 70% of Switzerland's agricultural area is covered by grasslands that often exhibit highly diverse species compositions and heterogeneous growth patterns. An essential requirement for efficient and effective pasture management is the regular estimation of herbage biomass. While various methods exist for estimating herbage biomass, they are often time‐consuming and may not accurately capture the variability within pastures. This highlights the need for more efficient, accurate estimation techniques. To help improve herbage biomass estimation, we present estiGrass3D+ , a Random Forest model. This model predicts pasture biomass using a digital terrain model (DTM) derived from a digital surface model (DSM) for sward height modelling, along with vegetation indices and agronomic variables from UAV images only. The model was successfully evaluated with independent test data from different sites on the Swiss central plateau, including both grazed and mown areas. Model performance on an independent validation dataset achieved a NRMSE of 20.3%, while the training dataset had an NRMSE of 21.5%. These consistent results confirm that estiGrass3D + is both transferable and applicable to unseen data while maintaining accuracy and reliability across different datasets. The wide applicability of our method demonstrates its practicality for predicting herbage biomass under different pasture management scenarios. Additionally, our method of deriving a DTM directly from a DSM simplifies the measurement of grass sward height by UAVs, eliminating the need for prior ground control point (GCP) marking and subsequent aligning, enhancing the efficiency of herbage biomass estimation.