Stereoscopic cells of three-dimensional detonation waves propagating in square ducts

The present study delves into the examination of the stereoscopic cells and wavefront structures characterizing the propagation of three-dimensional detonation waves within square ducts. Leveraging numerical solutions derived from three-dimensional reactive Euler equations, incorporating an induction-exothermic reaction kinetic model, this work reveals the distinct classification of three modes of detonation waves based on the direction of propagation and the phase characteristics of transverse shock waves on the wavefront. This paper delineates the presence of two different types of phenomena: duct wall slapping waves due to shock–wall collisions and internal slapping waves resulting from shock interactions. Furthermore, this investigation exposes the existence of two distinct types of triple-wave lines on the wavefront: the first comprising a strong Mach disk, a weak Mach disk, and a transverse shock wave; the second characterized by a weak Mach disk, an incident shock wave, and a transverse shock wave. Notably, the pressure behind the first type of triple-wave line is observed to be the highest. It elucidates the transition from two- to three-dimensional detonation waves, revealing that the prevalence of transverse shock waves on the wavefront in the rectangular and diagonal modes is twofold and quadruple, respectively, when compared to their two-dimensional counterparts within identical ducts/channels.