CRISPR-Cas systems: A revolution in genome editing and its diverse applications

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) Cas (CRISPR6 associated protein) system is an advanced adaptive immune system found in prokaryotes. First discovered in1987, CRISPR Cas has revolutionized genetic research in the past two decades. CRISPR-Cas9 the most widespread system enables precise gene editing by creating double strand breaks. Its ease of use and cost-effectiveness has lowered the barrier to entry for genetic research. CRISPR holds immense potential in many fields from agriculture to medicine. In agriculture, CRISPR has accelerated crop improvement by enabling precise gene edits for desirable traits. In medicine, CRISPR holds promise in xenotransplant, cancers and infectious diseases (HIV) treatment. This review traces the historical development of CRISPR-Cas systems, explores their unique applications, and discusses future advancements aimed at enhancing CRISPR's precision and expanding its applications through technologies like prime and base editing.