Enhancing Detection and Mitigation of Toxicity in Marine Biota from Drilling Activities

The growing demand for petroleum-based energy has significantly contributed to environmental pollution, particularly in the oil mining industry. This study aims to evaluate the toxicity of oil drilling mud on marine biota, using tiger shrimp (Monodon peneus) as bioindicators. The shrimp were exposed to various mud concentrations (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.25%, 1.25%, and 0%) and observed over time intervals of 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The methodology involved direct observation of the shrimp's survival rates at each mud concentration. The results revealed a significant decline in survival rates at higher mud concentrations, with a strong positive correlation (r = 0.81) between mud concentration and toxicity. The pH levels remained stable and alkaline (7.81–8.28), while turbidity at lower concentrations (6.25%) was within acceptable limits after 96 hours, with a strong correlation (r = 0.73). These findings underscore the importance of stringent monitoring and management of drilling mud disposal to safeguard marine ecosystems, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14: Life Below Water.