Exploring Alternative Text Input Modalities in Virtual Reality: A Comparative Study

Text input in Virtual Reality (VR) is crucial for communication, search, and productivity. We compared four keyboard designs for VR text entry, leveraging the flexibility and the tracking options of a 3D environment. We used the Dvorak layout to control for experience differences. The designs were: (a) a floating keyboard with touch input, (b) a keyboard attached on the back of the hand with touch input, (c) a floating keyboard with eye tracking and pinch input, and (d) a keyboard laid out over a rolling shape with touch input. Designs (b), (c), and (d) can move in 3D space, while design (a) is static. Design (d) had similar efficiency to design (a) but with better usability and lower Physical Demand. Design (b) led to higher Physical Demand, Effort, and Frustration. Design (c) had lower Physical Demand but higher Mental Demand, Effort, and error rates. Typing speeds averaged 6.51 WPM (1.24% error rate) for (a), 5.56 WPM (3.82% error rate) for (b), 5.33 WPM (1.43% error rate) for (c), and 6.70 WPM (1.64% error rate) for (d).