Unraveling the Role of the Skin Microbiome in Immunodermatological Diseases: Implications for Therapeutic Interventions

The skin microbiome, comprising diverse microbial communities, plays a pivotal role in maintaining cutaneous homeostasis and modulating immune responses in immunodermatological diseases. This review provides an overview of recent research investigating the interplay between the skin microbiome and autoimmune, allergic, and inflammatory skin conditions, such as psoriasis, eczema, and acne vulgaris. This literature review was conducted using PubMed, searching the keywords "skin microbiome and immunodermatological diseases," "therapeutic interventions for skin microbiota," "skin disease and microbiome-host interaction," “immune response in dermatology,” “cutaneous microbiome,” "skin microbiome and allergies," "inflammatory skin conditions and microbiome," and “immune-mediated skin diseases.” A total of 53 articles were included in this review. Current evidence suggests that alterations in the skin microbiome composition, termed dysbiosis, may contribute to disease pathogenesis and exacerbate inflammation in immunodermatological disorders. Furthermore, microbial-derived metabolites and immune-modulating factors produced by commensal bacteria can influence local immune responses and skin barrier function. Future research directions include evaluating the mechanisms by which the skin microbiome interacts with the host immune system, identifying microbial biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis, and exploring microbiome-targeted therapeutic interventions, such as probiotics, microbial transplantation, and microbial metabolite supplementation. By leveraging insights from microbiome research, personalized approaches to managing immunodermatological diseases may offer novel therapeutic avenues for restoring skin immune homeostasis and improving patient outcomes.