Evaluating the Health Risks and Safety Protocols for Welders Exposed to Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Fumes: A Systematic Literature Review

Shielded Metal Arc welding (SMAW) is an industrially accepted and versatile Welding process.However, this method presents a health risk to welders because of the hazardous fumes.They include poisonous metals, gases, and particulate matter that can cause serious neurological and respiratory problems or cancer.Health hazards from SMAW fume exposure and safety measures to protect welders are reviewed in this systematic literature review.It reviews studies from the previous 24 years assessing exposure to harmful elements in SMAW fumes and their health effects on welders immediately and over a long period of time.Findings suggest the relationship between prolonged exposure to welding fumes and respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis and pneumoconiosis, and possible cardiovascular and neurological connections.It also reviews how prolonged exposure to welding fumes leads to lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and metal fume fever.Apart from identifying health hazards, this study evaluates existing safety measures including engineering controls, PPE, and occupational policies.It also reviews in detail the analysis of the efficiency of ventilation systems, correct respirator use, and the need for regular health monitoring.Safety protocols are improving, however, significant gaps remain in their consistent implementation and efficacy across industrial settings.It reviews how standards and protective strategies could improve welders' health.It concludes by noting discrepancies in the literature, particularly in long-term health research and safety interventions.Future studies and policy guidelines are recommended to protect welders against the harmful effects of SMAW fume exposure and promote their long-term health.