Spatial Distribution of Groundwater Fluctuation Mapping Using Arc-GIS in Hosur-1 Micro-watershed of Karnataka, India

Groundwater is a primary source of freshwater and used mainly for agriculture and irrigation purposes. Recharge to groundwater is the most important component in all the water balance studies. In the present study krigging technique was used for interpolate the groundwater level of the Hosur-1 micro watershed (Kanakvad sub watershed) in Gadag district of Karnataka state. In Hosur-1 micro- watershed 41 wells are there in the vicinity of major stream of the micro- watershed. The mean depth of ground water levels in the micro- watershed were monitored at a monthly frequency during January-2023 to March-2024. It was found that the maximum average depth of bore wells are about 9.55 mts and lowest average depth of borewell about 4.64 mts. The groundwater table between 2.48 to 14.70 mbgl during summer season period and 3.18 to 21.50 mbgl during the Rabi season. The pH of ground water varied between 7.0-9.0, maximum pH was recorded as 8.9 and minimum was recorded as 7.29 and maximum conductivity >3.82 ds/m and minimum 0.87 ds/m was recorded at Hosur-1 micro-watershed. The average infiltration rate of clay soil 2.73 mm/hr and R2 value for the trend line reaches the value of 0.5876. In case of sandy clay loam average infiltration rate was 3.83 mm/hr and R2 value for the trend line reaches 0.6572. It necessitates continuous monitoring of groundwater for assessing the possible damage on salinity and alkalinity induced soil health.