The Evaluation of the Antifungal activity of Chitosan Nanomolecules laden with Trichoderma harzianum Extract on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici

The economic repercussions of Fusarium wilt on global tomato crops underscore the disease's paramount importance.And by employing non-toxic, environmentally friendly ingredients that align with sustainable practices and emphasize biosafety considerations, green synthesis, an emerging field in nanobiotechnology, presents financial and ecological benefits surpassing customary chemical and physical approaches.The main objective of the present investigation is to formulate chitosan nanomolecules laden with Trichoderma harzianum extract and characterize them.Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the antifungal effectiveness of these chitosan nanomolecules towards Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici.Employing the ionic gelation technique and tripolyphosphate (TPP), chitosan nanomolecules laden with T. harzianum extract were synthesized.Subsequent characterization involved UV-vis, FTIR, AFM, SEM, XRD, and EDX techniques to demonstrate the effectiveness of the biochemical transformation.In addition, the antifungal efficacy of bio-manufactured chitosan nanomolecules has been assessed against five strongly virulent isolates from F. oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici.The study revealed the highest inhibition rates of growth for all isolates to be 100% at a 1 mg/ml concentration of CNPs.In contrast, the minimal inhibitory level rates at 0.125 mg/ml of CNPs were 32.75, 32.83, 32.85, 36.92, and 41.17%, consecutively.This investigation's findings have revealed a recently discovered biological pathway to biosynthesize chitosan nanomolecules in an environmentally friendly way by using T. harzianum.The confirmed antifungal efficacy of the synthesized CNPs towards F. oxysporum suggests their potential as alternatives to or reducers of widespread fungicide use, applicable across various technical and agricultural domains.