Feasibility of realizing photothermal, photovoltaic, and radiative cooling with a flexible structure

The escalating energy demands and the imperative of environmental conservation necessitate advanced sustainable energy solutions. This study introduces a novel nanofluid spectrum-splitting photovoltaic/thermal system integrated with radiative cooling (RC) technology, termed NSS-RC-PV/T. This system optimizes solar spectrum utilization, enhances thermal management, and significantly improves the efficiency and flexibility of heat, electricity, and cooling outputs. Employing a reversible PV-Ag panel, the system adapts between PV/T and RC modes based on energy demands. A comprehensive mathematical model is established to evaluate its performance under realistic environmental conditions across China. Results indicate the maximum energy output of the system is 6438 MJ/m 2 , which is a 33.4% increase in annual energy output compared to the conventional PV/T system. The dynamic power response model also shows an increase of 5.8% (266 MJ/m 2 ) compared to the daylight response model. This research underscores the potential of NSS-RC-PV/T systems in advancing renewable energy technologies and meeting modern energy needs. • Integrated photothermal, photovoltaic , and radiative cooling. • Reversible PV-Ag panel adapts between PV/T and RC modes efficiently. • Achieves 33.4% increase in annual energy output compared to PV/T systems. • A maximum power switching response model is proposed.