Research on cadmium-injected manganese ferrite made through the sol-gel method, focusing on its structure, magnetic properties, electrical conductivity, and electrochemical behavior

Higher ferromagnetic behavior observed 0.3 and 0.5. AC conductivity and impedance responses more in 0.5 and 0.7. • The crystallite size initially increases and later decreases in Cd ion concentration. • The expansion of cadmium markedly affects confining the grain development of spinel ferrite. • Non-uniform and agglomeration of nanoparticles . • Marginal magnetization with moderate electrochemical sensing behavior. • Dielectric behavior, loss, ac-conductivity confirming the electrical properties. Cadmium was integrated into Manganese ferrite (Mn 1-x Cd x Fe 2 O 4 ) nanofine particles via the sol-gel method for potential sensing uses. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the particles contained a cubic spinel structure and FTIR spectroscopy was employed to identify the metal-oxide (MO) stretching, bending and stretching vibrations. The purity of the samples and the surface feature were scrutinized using an energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) spectrum and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The magnetic properties were examined as ferromagnetic found through a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). An LCR meter gives information on dielectric constants (ε’ & ε’’), loss (tanδ) with AC conductivity (σ AC ), and cyclic-voltammetry was used to evaluate the electrochemical properties, including voltage/current responses (V/I), Nyquist frequency, voltage/current response to SCR, and phase angle as a function of frequency. From the results the magnetic, dielectric, electrochemical behavior and etc., can be interpreted and discussed extensively.