A $$\mu $$-mode approach for exponential integrators: actions of $$\varphi $$-functions of Kronecker sums

Abstract We present a method for computing actions of the exponential-like $$\varphi $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>φ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -functions for a Kronecker sum K of d arbitrary matrices $$A_\mu $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> . It is based on the approximation of the integral representation of the $$\varphi $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>φ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -functions by Gaussian quadrature formulas combined with a scaling and squaring technique. The resulting algorithm, which we call phiks , evaluates the required actions by means of $$\mu $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -mode products involving exponentials of the small sized matrices $$A_\mu $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , without forming the large sized matrix K itself. phiks , which profits from the highly efficient level 3 BLAS, is designed to compute different $$\varphi $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>φ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -functions applied on the same vector or a linear combination of actions of $$\varphi $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>φ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -functions applied on different vectors. In addition, thanks to the underlying scaling and squaring techniques, the desired quantities are available simultaneously at suitable time scales. All these features allow the effective usage of phiks in the exponential integration context. In fact, our newly designed method has been tested in popular exponential Runge–Kutta integrators of stiff order from one to four, in comparison with state-of-the-art algorithms for computing actions of $$\varphi $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>φ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -functions. The numerical experiments with discretized semilinear evolutionary 2D or 3D advection–diffusion–reaction, Allen–Cahn, and Brusselator equations show the superiority of the proposed $$\mu $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -mode approach.