Effectiveness of the First and Second Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine Dose: A Nationwide Cohort Study From Austria on Hybrid Versus Natural Immunity
First and second SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses appear effective in the short-term, but with diminishing effectiveness over time. The extremely low COVID-19 mortality, regardless of vaccination, indicates strong protection of previous infection against COVID-19 death. Lower non-COVID-19 mortality in the vaccinated population might suggest a healthy vaccinee bias.
Authors
- Verena Theiler‐Schwetz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2378-689X)
- Peter Willeit (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1866-7159)
- Stefan Pilz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7959-1311)
- Martin Sprenger (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7232-6515)
- Bernhard Benka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0913-8677)
- Tracy Beth Høeg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2341-6573)
- Ziad El‐Khatib
- John P. A. Ioannidis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3118-6859)
- Ali Chakeri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7793-5271)
- Dirk Werber (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8076-788X)
- Lukáš Richter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3304-3491)
- Alena Chalupka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3291-1456)
- Christian Trummer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5817-4554)
- Uwe Riedmann
- Harald Schennach (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8536-8780)
Institutions
- Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Universität Innsbruck (AT)
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Graz University of Technology (AT)
- Tirol Kliniken (AT)
- Protein Metrics (United States) (US)
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AT)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Medical University of Vienna (AT)
- Stanford University (US)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Open Forum Infectious Diseases
- Published
- 2024-09-19
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofae547
- Citations
- 8
- Primary Topic
- SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 3.11
Funders
- Austrian Science Fund