Life cycle carbon emission calculation model of energy system in public buildings: A case study in Shanghai

Energy consumption and carbon emissions (CE) in the building sector have grown in importance in relation to global climate change for China's sustainable development. Relatively few research have addressed the embodied CE, despite the fact that many have examined the operational CE from energy system operational use. In order to determine the CE of the energy production, transportation, construction, operation, and recycling stages, we therefore put up an integrated model. An inventory analysis of the energy system's life cycle CE, a scenario forecast of various combinations of building energy system equipment, and a case study of the building energy system of a typical office building in Shanghai's service industry. According to the results, the embodied CE emits 38.01 % of its energy, and the operational CE emits 61.99 %. However, we should not underestimate the significance of the impact of the embodied CE. Among all projection scenarios, the suggested CE share is highest (18.40 %) when the system combination of air-source heat pump units, LED lights, and ground-source heat pump units is implemented. In the end, based on the structural analysis of the embodied CE, low-carbon growth strategies and policy recommendations for Shanghai's service sector will be made.