Bifurcation analysis of a predator–prey model incorporating nonlinear harvesting and group defense

This piece of work circles around the investigation of a predator–prey model that incorporates nonlinear harvesting and group defense, both of which are important phenomena occurring in the ecosystem. To analyze the proposed model, both analytical and numerical methods are employed. The model experiences a series of bifurcations, including saddle-node, Hopf and Bogdanov–Takens. The system exhibits bifurcations of codimension one and two but no bifurcation of codimension three emerged. Phase portrait diagrams are also presented to confirm the validity of both the analytical and numerical findings.