Realising the benefits of modern fish-protection screening in Australia

Context Modern fish-protection screens are being implemented globally to conserve aquatic ecosystems and protect water infrastructure. Australian governments have invested ~A$40 × 106 towards incentive programs. However, evaluation remains limited. Aims This study aimed to review progress, summarise research, and identify future priorities for screening in Australia. Methods The study analysed screen installations to date, estimating their benefits for native fish and agricultural water supply. Key results In New South Wales, 36 pumped water diversions were screened from 2018 to 2024. These installations protect over 819,000 native fish annually and can deliver up to 2600 ML of cleaner water per day, servicing over 230 km2 of irrigated agriculture. By 2026, these figures are set to rise to 48 sites, 1.72 × 106 native fish year−1 and 5461 ML day−1 of water. Conclusions Although incentive programs are generating substantial public benefits, valued at least A$177 ML−1 of water passing through a modern screen, and with benefit–cost ratios averaging 4:1, installation costs remain high and national progress has been limited. Implications Addressing these challenges is crucial to realising the full potential benefits of screening. Action is required to identify high-priority water diversions, improve affordability, encourage industry stewardship, and pursue advancements to facilitate wider adoption.