Effect of degassing on bubble populations in air-entraining free-surface turbulent flows

We investigate air-entraining flows where degassing, rather than fragmentation, plays a significant role. Of interest is the power-law slope $\beta$ of the bulk bubble size distribution $N(a)$ during the air-generating period, when the total volume of bubbles is increasing. We study a canonical air-entraining flow created by strong underlying free-surface turbulence. We perform analysis using the population balance equation (PBE) and computations using direct numerical simulations (DNS) with bubble tracking. We quantify the importance of degassing by the ratio of degassing flux ( $Q_D$ ) to entrainment flux ( $Q_I$ ), $\mathcal {D}=Q_D/Q_I$ , and the ratio of degassing rate ( $\varLambda (a)$ ) to fragmentation rate ( $\varOmega (a)$ ) for a bubble of radius $a$ , $\varLambda (a)/\varOmega (a)$ . For a broad range of large Froude numbers ${{Fr}}=U/\sqrt {L g}$ , DNS give $\mathcal {D}=\operatorname {O}(1)$ (independent of ${{Fr}}$ ), showing that degassing is relevant, and $\varLambda (a) \gg \varOmega (a)$ , showing that the bubble population is degassing-dominated. In contrast to fragmentation-dominated populations, such as those due to wave breaking, where $\beta =-10/3$ , degassing-dominated populations have qualitatively different $N(a)$ during air entrainment. Analysis using the PBE shows that degassing-dominated $\beta$ is a function of $\varLambda (a)$ , which has a turbulence-driven regime ( $a< a_\varLambda$ ) and a buoyancy-driven regime ( $a>a_\varLambda$ ). Here, $a_\varLambda$ is the bubble radius where terminal buoyant rise velocity equals $u_{rms}$ . Consequently, $N(a)$ exhibits a split power with $\beta (a< a_\varLambda )=-4.\bar {3}$ and $\beta (a>a_\varLambda )=-5.8\bar {3}$ for moderate bubble Reynolds numbers ${{Re}}_b$ . For large ${{Re}}_b$ , $\beta (a>a_\varLambda )=-4.8\bar {3}$ . The DNS strongly confirm these findings for moderate ${{Re}}_b$ . By identifying and describing degassing-dominated bubble populations, this work contributes to the understanding and interpretation of broad types of air-entraining problems where degassing plays a relevant role.