Schwarzschild modelling of barred s0 galaxy NGC 4371

ABSTRACT We apply the barred Schwarzschild method developed by Tahmasebzadeh et al. (2022) to a barred S0 galaxy, NGC 4371, observed by IFU instruments from the TIMER and ATLAS3D projects. We construct the gravitational potential by combining a fixed black hole mass, a spherical dark matter halo, and stellar mass distribution deprojected from 3.6 μm S$^4$G image considering an axisymmetric disc and a triaxial bar. We independently modelled kinematic data from TIMER and ATLAS3D. Both models fit the data remarkably well. We find a consistent bar pattern speed from the two sets of models with $\Omega _{\rm p} = 23.6 \pm 2.8 \, \mathrm{km \, s^{-1} \, kpc^{-1} }$ and $\Omega _{\rm p} = 22.4 \pm 3.5 \, \mathrm{km \, s^{-1} \, kpc^{-1} }$, respectively. The dimensionless bar rotation parameter is determined to be $\mathcal {R} \equiv R_{\rm cor}/R_{\rm bar}=1.88 \pm 0.37$, indicating a likely slow bar in NGC 4371. Additionally, our model predicts a high amount of dark matter within the bar region ($M_{\rm DM}/ M_{\rm total}$$\sim 0.51 \pm 0.06$), which, aligned with the predictions of cosmological simulations, indicates that fast bars are generally found in baryon-dominated discs. Based on the best-fitting model, we further decompose the galaxy into multiple 3D orbital structures, including a BP/X bar, a classical bulge, a nuclear disc, and a main disc. The BP/X bar is not perfectly included in the input 3D density model, but BP/X-supporting orbits are picked through the fitting to the kinematic data. This is the first time a real barred galaxy has been modelled utilizing the Schwarzschild method including a 3D bar.

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Publication Details

Journal
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Published
2024-09-13
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae2109
Citations
11
Primary Topic
Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
3.71

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article

Schwarzschild modelling of barred s0 galaxy NGC 4371

Alice Zocchi, Justus Neumann, A. de Lorenzo-Cáceres, Yunpeng Jin et al.
11 citations
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing
3.71
article

Schwarzschild modelling of barred s0 galaxy NGC 4371

Alice Zocchi, Justus Neumann, A. de Lorenzo-Cáceres, Yunpeng Jin, Francesca Fragkoudi, Sabine Thater, Ling Zhu, Glenn van de Ven, Dimitri Alexei Gadotti, J. Méndez‐Abreu, Ortwin Gerhard, Rui Guo, Peter Erwin, Prashin Jethwa, Edward J Lilley, Behzad Tahmasebzadeh, Monica Valluri, Juntai Shen
article en
11 citations

Abstract

ABSTRACT We apply the barred Schwarzschild method developed by Tahmasebzadeh et al. (2022) to a barred S0 galaxy, NGC 4371, observed by IFU instruments from the TIMER and ATLAS3D projects. We construct the gravitational potential by combining a fixed black hole mass, a spherical dark matter halo, and stellar mass distribution deprojected from 3.6 μm S$^4$G image considering an axisymmetric disc and a triaxial bar. We independently modelled kinematic data from TIMER and ATLAS3D. Both models fit the data remarkably well. We find a consistent bar pattern speed from the two sets of models with $\Omega _{\rm p} = 23.6 \pm 2.8 \, \mathrm{km \, s^{-1} \, kpc^{-1} }$ and $\Omega _{\rm p} = 22.4 \pm 3.5 \, \mathrm{km \, s^{-1} \, kpc^{-1} }$, respectively. The dimensionless bar rotation parameter is determined to be $\mathcal {R} \equiv R_{\rm cor}/R_{\rm bar}=1.88 \pm 0.37$, indicating a likely slow bar in NGC 4371. Additionally, our model predicts a high amount of dark matter within the bar region ($M_{\rm DM}/ M_{\rm total}$$\sim 0.51 \pm 0.06$), which, aligned with the predictions of cosmological simulations, indicates that fast bars are generally found in baryon-dominated discs. Based on the best-fitting model, we further decompose the galaxy into multiple 3D orbital structures, including a BP/X bar, a classical bulge, a nuclear disc, and a main disc. The BP/X bar is not perfectly included in the input 3D density model, but BP/X-supporting orbits are picked through the fitting to the kinematic data. This is the first time a real barred galaxy has been modelled utilizing the Schwarzschild method including a 3D bar.

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical SocietyVol. 534(1)
University of Vienna (AT), European Southern Observatory (DE), Universidad de La Laguna (ES), Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN), Durham University (GB), University of Michigan (US), Shanghai Astronomical Observatory (CN), Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE), Institute of Particle Physics (CA), Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (DE), Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (ES)
National Science Foundation, National Natural Science Foundation of China, European Southern Observatory, Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información, Science and Technology Facilities Council, European Regional Development Fund, Agencia Estatal de Investigación
Openalex Percentile: Top 6%
Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing
3.71
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