Application of smart hydrogels scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Recent attention in the biomedical and orthopedic sectors has been drawn towards bone defects, emerging as a prominent focus within orthopedic clinics. Hydrogels, due to their biocompatibility, elevated water content, softness, and flexibility, are increasingly acknowledged in tissue regeneration research. Advanced biomaterials offer numerous advantages over traditional materials, notably the capacity to respond to diverse physical, chemical, and biological stimuli. Their responsiveness to environmental cues, such as three-dimensional (3D) morphology and phase conditions, holds promise for enhancing the efficacy of localized bone lesion repairs. This paper aims to revolutionize the treatment of severe bone abnormalities by providing a comprehensive examination of hydrogels capable of morphological adaptation to environmental changes. It delineates their classification, manufacturing principles, and current research status within the field of bone defect regeneration.