Telomere-to-telomere, gap-free assembly of the Rosa rugosa reference genome

Rosa, a genus esteemed worldwide for its ornamental plants, has encountered barriers in functional genomic studies and further genetic enhancement due to incomplete sequences and floating regions in previously sequenced genomes. Our groundbreaking study introduced a meticulously assembled, continuous, and fully bridged reference genome for Rosa rugosa , constructed through a sophisticated combination of PacBio High-Fidelity, ONT ultra-long reads, and Hi-C data. This robust assembly spanned 444.55 Mb and encompassed 34 109 protein-coding genes. We have uniquely assembled each chromosome into single, gap-free structures, successfully identifying all 14 telomeres and seven centromeres, a feat not achieved previously. The centromeric regions were distinguished by tandem repeats, primarily composed of centromere-specific 159-bp monomers, and a significant enrichment of ATHILA / Gypsy long terminal repeat retrotransposons in proximal regions. Our research highlighted recent tandem duplications as instrumental in bolstering R. rugosa 's stress tolerance, environmental adaptability, and enhanced anthocyanin synthesis. Furthermore, our study ventured into uncharted territory by predicting transcription factors potentially regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis through the employment of gene co-expression networks, providing new avenues for research. This comprehensive reference genome not only serves as a cornerstone for in-depth exploration of genomic architecture and functionalities in R. rugosa but also acts as a catalyst for innovative breeding strategies and genetic refinement within the genus.