Enhancing typhoon wave hindcasting with random forests and BP neural networks in the SWAN model

Forecasting typhoon waves during typhoons is crucial. In this paper, the numerical wave model SWAN was enhanced through integration with two machine learning methods: the Back Propagation Neural Network and Random Forest. This integration facilitated the development of two distinct models, namely SWAN-BP and SWAN-Tree. Through correlation analysis, key input features were identified for the machine learning models. The forecasts from the SWAN model were subsequently utilized as inputs to enhance further wave prediction. These hybrid models were validated using data from Typhoon Doksuri (2023) and Typhoon Nesat (2017). The results indicated significant improvements in predicting typhoon-induced wave heights with both the SWAN-BP and SWAN-Tree models compared to the original SWAN model. Specifically, the SWAN-BP model demonstrated a 33% improvement in accuracy for the Typhoon Doksuri, whereas the SWAN-Tree model exhibited a 24% improvement. For Typhoon Nesat, the accuracy improvements were 23% for the SWAN-BP model and 21% for the SWAN-Tree model. These findings demonstrate that integrating wave numerical models with machine learning techniques can significantly enhance the predictive accuracy of numerical models. This approach offers a cost-effective means to improve the existing wave forecasting database. Traditionally, the direct use of meteorological and oceanographic data for typhoon wave prediction might be compromised by biases inherent in the numerical wave models. However, the SWAN-BP and SWAN-Tree models effectively reduce these biases, thereby providing more accurate and robust predictions. In conclusion, this paper enhances the predictive accuracy of the SWAN model and establishes a crucial foundation for more precise typhoon wave forecasting through the application of machine learning techniques.