Hybrid Triboelectric–Electromagnetic Nanogenerator Based on a Noncontact Pendulum Structure for Low-Frequency Vibration Monitoring and Energy Harvesting

Toward advancing energy sustainability, collecting low-frequency mechanical vibration energy from the environment has become an important research area. This paper introduces the design and implementation of a noncontact pendulum-structured hybrid triboelectric–electromagnetic nanogenerator (NCP-HNG) for monitoring low-frequency vibrations, continuously collecting low-frequency mechanical energy, and converting this energy into electricity. Design of the pendulum structure allows the generator to efficiently capture vibrations under low-frequency conditions, thus improving energy conversion efficiency and enabling more effective environmental energy harvesting. Through optimized design and energy management circuits, the NCP-HNG exhibits efficient charging, continuously collecting energy from low-frequency vibration environments and showing charging of a 100 mAh lithium battery to 3.30 V in just 12 min. The use of noncontact mode significantly reduces material wear, providing the device with a longer life span. Consequently, it offers a reliable self-powered energy solution for wireless sensor networks, health monitoring devices, and infrastructure health monitoring, among other fields.